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Drug allergy can be immediate or delayed, and can be allergic or non-allergic.
Clinical history and documentation of the reaction is paramount.
For patients with suspected drug allergy document in the medical records
Document all new reactions promptly and thoroughly to assist in future investigation.
Immediate, rapidly evolving reactions
Anaphylaxis – a severe multi system reaction characterised by:
|
Onset usually less than 1 hour after drug exposure (previous exposure not always confirmed) |
Urticaria or angioedema without systemic features | Onset usually less than 1 hour after drug exposure (previous exposure not always confirmed) |
Exacerbation of asthma (for example, with non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs) | Onset usually less than 1 hour after drug exposure (previous exposure not always confirmed) |
Non‑immediate reactions without systemic involvement
Widespread red macules or papules (exanthema like) |
Onset usually 6–10 days after first drug exposure or within 3 days of second exposure |
Fixed drug eruption (localised inflamed skin) |
Onset usually 6–10 days after first drug exposure or within 3 days of second exposure |
Non‑immediate reactions with systemic involvement
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) or drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) characterised by: • widespread red macules, papules or erythroderma • fever • lymphadenopathy • liver dysfunction • eosinophilia |
Onset usually 2–6 weeks after first drug exposure or within 3 days of second exposure |
Toxic epidermal necrolysis or Stevens–Johnson syndrome characterised by: • painful rash and fever (often early signs) • mucosal or cutaneous erosions • vesicles, blistering or epidermal detachment • red purpuric macules or erythema multiforme |
Onset usually 7–14 days after first drug exposure or within 3 days of second exposure |
Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) characterised by: • widespread pustules • fever • neutrophilia |
Onset usually 3–5 days after first drug exposure |
A drug reaction is more likely if it occurred during or after use of the drug and:
A drug reaction is less likely if:
When a person presents with suspected drug allergy, document their reaction in a structured approach (NICE guidance recommendation 1.2.3) including:
a. the generic and proprietary name of the drug or drugs suspected to have caused the reaction, including the strength and formulation
b. a description of the reaction
c. the indication for the drug being taken (if there is no clinical diagnosis, describe the illness)
d. the date and time of the reaction
e. the number of doses taken or number of days on the drug before onset of the reaction
f. the route of administration
g. which drugs or drug classes to avoid in future
None recommended prior to referral. Specific IgE (RAST) testing to drugs should not be used in a non-specialist setting (NICE guidelines).
All information regarding reactions, timing and implicated drugs must be included in the referral
General anaesthetic drug reactions should be referred to Dr Paul Sice, Department of Anaesthesia at Derriford Hospital
Refer via DRSS for NHS Devon patients
e-Referral Selection
onlinelibrary.wiley - for the management of drug allergy
This guideline has been signed off on behalf of NHS Devon.
Publication date: March 2016
Updated: September 2023