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Page last updated:
7 June 2024
NHS Learning Hub: for training on prescribing Paxlovid for clinicians, click here COVID-19 antiviral treatments
NICE TA878 update (June 2024): NICE has recommended a phased implementation of new recommendations for Paxlovid to expand its use (NICE TA878). Further patient groups have been added (see Clinical history here). For an overview of the new recommendations, see here. There will be a further expansion of the patient groups eligible for Paxlovid during the course of 2024.
Patients will no longer be automatically contacted by the NHS after reporting a positive COVID-19 test result. Instead, patients have been advised to contact their GP practice, NHS 111, or hospital specialist as soon as possible after a positive test.
Treatment options are defined by NICE TA878 and a national interim commissioning policy. See here for formulary entries.
First-line: Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, oral antiviral for adults, 5 day course)
Second-line: Sotrovimab (nMAB, single intravenous infusion)
Third-line: Molnupiravir (oral antiviral for adults, 5 day course)
The patient should meet ALL of the following to be considered for treatment:
COVID-19 test |
Positive SARS-CoV-2 infection lateral flow test or Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing |
Date of onset of COVID-19 symptoms |
Onset of symptoms of COVID-19 within the last 5 days |
Severity of COVID-19 infection |
Does not require either hospitalisation or supplemental oxygen for COVID-19 |
Age and weight | NOT under 12 years or weighing less than 40kg* |
Clinical history |
Any of the following patient groups: 1) At increased risk of progression to severe COVID-19 (patient groups are defined in section 5 NICE TA878)** 1a) Adults: Risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19 1b) Young people aged 12 to 17 years: Risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19 2) aged 85 years and over 3) adults with end-stage heart failure who have a long-term ventricular assistance device 4) adults on the organ transplant waiting list 5) aged 70 years and over, or who have a BMI of 35 kg/m2 or more, diabetes or heart failure, and
|
*There are no routine treatment options for children under 12 years or weighing less than 40kg. GPs should contact the child’s specialist team directly.
**If there is any uncertainty, CMDU Advice & Guidance is available here.
If a patient meets ALL initial assessment criteria, Paxlovid may be initiated in primary care without specialist support if there are no clinical circumstances which require referral.
There is a significant risk of potentially serious or harmful drug interactions with Paxlovid, leading to increased toxicity from, or reduced effectiveness of concomitant medications, or reduced effectiveness of Paxlovid. Complete and accurate information on the patient’s medicines to check for drug interactions is essential to the safe prescribing of Paxlovid. See Drug Interactions with Paxlovid, below, for the Liverpool COVID-19 drug interaction checker.
CMDU Advice & Guidance may be sought if:
Refer if:
Circumstances where Paxlovid is contraindicated or not suitable
Age |
Oral antivirals contraindicated below 18 years of age. Refer if age 12 years and up to 18 years, and weighing at least 40kg (Sotrovimab infusion may be an option) |
Hypersensitivity |
Hypersensitivity to components of Paxlovid (nirmeltravir & ritonavir) or excipients is a contraindication (See Paxlovid SmPC for excipients; contains lactose) |
Recent eGFR |
SmPC contraindication: severe renal impairment or renal failure (eGFR <30ml/min/1.73m2) Refer if eGFR 30-60ml/min/1.73m2 and not confident that reduced dose can be given safely (See Paxlovid entry) |
Recent hepatic function |
Contraindicated in Child-Pugh Class C. Additional local CMDU advice: LFTs should be within range. ALT or ALP within 2 x ULN is acceptable. Use clinical judgement. Raised bilirubin >50 contraindicates Paxlovid. Refer if under care of hepatology team for chronic liver disease or any hospital admission for liver disease |
Pregnancy or breastfeeding* |
Pregnancy: Oral antivirals are contraindicated in pregnancy. Patients of child-bearing potential: give pregnancy prevention advice – effective contraception required (See Paxlovid entry) Breastfeeding: The Paxlovid SmPC recommends breastfeeding should be discontinued during treatment with Paxlovid and for 7 days after the last dose. Other sources indicate this may not be necessary with careful monitoring of the infant for adverse effects. Seek specialist advice. |
Difficulty swallowing* |
Check ability to swallow large tablets (1.7cm long and 0.9cm wide). Paxlovid tablets should be swallowed whole. |
Drug interactions* |
Receiving concurrent medicine which should NOT be co-administered with Paxlovid (‘red’ interaction on Liverpool COVID-19 Drug Interaction checker – see below) Potential clinically significant interaction which cannot be managed safely (‘amber’ interaction on Liverpool COVID-19 Drug Interaction checker – see below) See below for checking for drug interactions with Paxlovid |
*Contact patient to ensure current circumstances are taken into account. See below for questions to ask for complete information on medicines.
MHRA Drug Safety Update (December 2023): Nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (Paxlovid): be alert to the risk of drug interactions with ritonavir
There is a significant risk of potentially serious or harmful drug interactions with Paxlovid, leading to increased toxicity from, or reduced effectiveness of concomitant medications, or reduced effectiveness of Paxlovid.
It is essential the prescriber has complete and accurate information on the patient’s medicines to check for drug interactions including:
If the GP is not confident of the completeness of patient medication and relevant medical history, seek CMDU Advice & Guidance or refer patient to the CMDU (see clinical referral guidance)
Use the Liverpool COVID-19 drug interaction checker or Paxlovid SmPC to check for drug interactions with Paxlovid.
Liverpool COVID-19 Drug Interaction checker
Under COVID Drugs (column on left), select ‘Nirmatrelvir / ritonavir (5 days)’
Under Co-medications (column on right), add all of the patient’s existing medicines (more than one medicine can be added at a time)
Drug interactions will appear to the right of the screen. Click ‘More Info’ for a summary of the interaction. To obtain a pdf copy of the interacting medicines, click ‘Switch to Table View’ and scroll to the bottom of the screen.
If there is an amber drug interaction, consider the risks and benefits of prescribing Paxlovid including:
If uncertain whether to prescribe Paxlovid, seek CMDU Advice & Guidance or, if appropriate, refer patient to the CMDU for consideration of alternative COVID-19 treatment (see clinical referral guidance)
Paxlovid and molnupiravir are available to prescribe on FP10 prescriptions.
Discuss with patient:
Advice for community pharmacists
Lateral flow tests: Who can order a free NHS rapid flow test and Treatments for COVID-19, including action to take if positive or negative lateral flow test. A walk-in service is available to collect lateral flow tests from a participating community pharmacy on confirmation that the patient is part of the cohort potentially eligible for COVID-19 treatments.
NHS Learning Hub: for training on prescribing Paxlovid for clinicians, click here COVID-19 antiviral treatments
MHRA Drug Safety Update (December 2023): Nirmatrelvir, ritonavir (Paxlovid): be alert to the risk of drug interactions with ritonavir